The 2008 Declaration of Helsinki — First among Equals in Research Ethics?

The World Medical Association's (WMA) Declaration of Helsinki is one of the most important and influential international research ethics documents. Its most recent 2008 version declares unprecedented universal primacy over all existing national or international ethical, legal, or regulatory requirements. This self-proclaimed status as a set of minimal ethical standards raises important questions about the Declaration's appropriate normative status. The present paper argues that the new claim of ethical primacy is problematic and makes the Declaration unnecessarily vulnerable to criticism. Future revisions of the Declaration should therefore remove this claim and strengthen the document, first, by clarifying its normative status as a set of strong default recommendations, to be followed unless there is compelling ethical reason to do otherwise; and second, by improving the substance of the Declaration through further precision, specification, and argument.     

The failure of the Russian global license proposal and the future of alternative remuneration systems

As rights holders, courts, and policy makers worldwide struggle with the question of copyright infringement and the potential liability of internet service providers (ISPs) worldwide, Russia developed – and subsequently abandoned – a proposal for the creation of a global license to be imposed on ISPs which would allow for rights holders to be compensated for copyright-infringing activities carried out through those ISPs.Russia is not the first jurisdiction to look at a global license as solution to the wide spread of copyright infringements online. By analysing the Russian proposal for a global license, this article addresses the sustainability of such a model on a wider scale by analysing the legal implications this may cause. In this context, this article will address the Russian proposal's legislative history before moving into a substantive discussion about the synergies between legal justifications and merits of a global license.     

Prospects For Monitored Retrievable Storage Of High-Level Nuclear Waste

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 authorized the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to evaluate monitored retrievable storage (MRS) as an option to manage spent fuel and high-level radioactive waste. In 1987, the DOE sought Congressional approval for construction of an MRS at a site identified in Tennessee, despite adamant opposition from the State. An amendment in late 1987 nullified DOE's proposal, and established the MRS Commission and the High-Level Nuclear Waste Negotiator, institutions created as a result of the DOE/Tennessee dispute. This article analyzes DOE's siting attempt in Tennessee, the actions of the Commission and Negotiator, and examines the prospects for implementation of nuclear waste policy.     

Supplemental Joint Brainstorming: Navigating Past the Perils of Traditional Bargaining

Though decision makers in many domains use bargaining as their primary approach to negotiation, it has limited efficacy in multi-issue, nonquantifiable transactions. Nevertheless, many negotiators use back-and-forth bargaining rather than other approaches. The author explicates reasons for this choice and describes supplemental joint brainstorming, an innovative strategy to supplement the institutionally-entrenched bargaining approach to negotiation with interest-based negotiation.     

Legitimate Power without Authority: The Transmission Model

Law and Philosophy - Some authors have argued that legitimacy without authority is possible, though their work has not found much uptake in mainstream political philosophy. I provide an improved...     

Jhering's Philosophy of Authority

This article offers a critical reassessment of the jurisprudenceof Rudolf von Jhering. During the 20th century, Anglo-Americanlegal philosophers who drew inspiration from Jhering's workusually lauded him either as a German forerunner to Americanlegal realism or as an early proponent of a jurisprudence ofinterests. These representations of his work do not do justiceto Jhering's jurisprudential project. This study demonstratesthat he sought to explain how legal systems originate and howthey maintain authority. It is shown that his explanation oflegal authority depends not only upon familiar jurisprudentialnotions such as reciprocity and positional duty, but also uponthe concept of Rechtsgefühl—namely, the idea thatauthority is conditioned by citizens’ feelings of whatis right or just. Jhering, it is demonstrated, believed thatthe authority of a legal system depends very much on its abilityto negotiate and accommodate struggles based upon feelings ofright—struggles between citizens, between citizens andState, and between States. It is also argued that the mannerin which Jhering relies on the idea of Rechtsgefühl underminesthe received wisdom that he was an interest theorist.     

趋势焦虑与冲突意愿：区域主导权竞争中的防御性进攻主义

区域安全复合体内部主导权竞争常常会引发大国战争。从理性角度讲,倾向于发动主导权战争的国家要么具有"趋势优势",要么具有"实力优势"。但却无法解释为何有些国家既没有"趋势优势",也没有"实力优势",却依然倾向于对"实力较强且趋势占优"的国家发动主导权战争。趋势焦虑不仅可以解释传统理论中守成大国对新兴大国的防御性进攻倾向,更可以解释如果守成大国通过战略打压成功地扭转了新兴大国的崛起趋势,那么新兴大国反而可能因趋势焦虑而选择防御性进攻。避开从传统权力结构性分析路径,而通过引入战略心理学的"趋势焦虑"概念并构建防御性进攻主义的广义理论,将对区域主导权竞争中何者更具进攻性意愿有着更强的解释力和预测力。同时,传统理论认为,霸权国在区域主导权竞争中倾向于依据静态的权力结构性而扶持区域次强国,进而达到抑制权力占优方的目标。但从战略势能演变的动态性视角分析,霸权国在区域主导权竞争中并非一贯倾向对区域次强国予以支持,而是更倾向对"趋势占劣"或"战略匹配高"的地区大国予以支持,哪怕其权力尚处于优势地位。     

新媒体时代的应急响应模式变革

以互联网和移动通讯设备为核心的新媒体,改变了传统应急响应信息传播模式,形成新的应急响应单元。伴随这一新变化,传统应急响应体系建设在管理意识、信息渠道建设、信息沟通模式等方面面临根本性变革。新媒体时代应急响应体系的核心机理和发展方向是"在线社区响应网",将公众在线应急响应网络纳入应急响应体系,从而建立起以政府为主导、以公众应急信息平台为支持,实现公众和专业应急机构的有效沟通、信息共享、协调联动的新机制,这是未来应急体系建设的必然方向。     

海外华侨华人社团与“一带一路”安保体系建构

华侨华人是中华民族的海外延伸和有机组成部分，而侨团是海外华侨华人的主要组织形式。侨团既是维护华侨华人权益的重要力量，又是推进“一带一路”建设的重要战略资源。海外侨团数量众多、分布广泛，在新时期呈现出联合化、国际化、年轻化、多元化、专业化的特征，具有参政议政和参与侨务管理的崭新功能。在海外安全形势日益严峻的形势下，中国海外安全需求与供给失衡，海外中国企业与公民面临安全利益保障不足的困境。在“一带一路”安保体系的构建中，海外侨团与私营安保公司、企业等主体都是政府官方安保力量不可或缺的有益补充。海外侨团拥有不可替代的独特优势，熟谙住在国舆情社情民情、政商人脉通达、掌握双重语言文化，但新生代华人的多元身份认同和华文媒体的发展困境也为安保体系的构建带来了一定的挑战。充分发挥海外侨团在“一带一路”安保体系中的“安全杠杆”作用，应进一步营造“大侨务”工作氛围、加强侨团自我建设和团企共建、完善“华助中心”服务平台以及推广海外安全联防机制。